2147483647) $top = $top - 4294967296; //this makes the number signed instead of unsigned if($bottom!=0) $data=$top/$bottom; else if($top==0) $data = 0; else $data=$top."/".$bottom; if(($tag=="011a" || $tag=="011b") && $bottom==1) { //XResolution YResolution $data=$top." dots per ResolutionUnit"; } else if($tag=="829a") { //Exposure Time if($top/10 == 1) $data="1/".round($bottom/10, 0)." sec"; else $data=$top."/".$bottom." sec"; } else if($tag=="829d") { //FNumber $data="f ".$data; } else if($tag=="9204") { //ExposureBiasValue $data=$data." EV"; } else if($tag=="9205" || $tag=="9202") { //ApertureValue and MaxApertureValue //ApertureValue is given in the APEX Mode. Many thanks to Matthieu Froment for this code //The formula is : Aperture = 2*log2(FNumber) <=> FNumber = e((Aperture.ln(2))/2) $data = exp(($data*log(2))/2); $data = round($data, 1);//Focal is given with a precision of 1 digit. $data="f ".$data; } else if($tag=="920a") { //FocalLength $data=$data." mm"; } else if($tag=="9201") { //ShutterSpeedValue // The ShutterSpeedValue is given in the APEX mode. Many thanks to Matthieu Froment for this code // The formula is : Shutter = - log2(exposureTime) (Appendix C of EXIF spec.) // Where shutter is in APEX, log2(exposure) = ln(exposure)/ln(2) // So final formula is : exposure = exp(-ln(2).shutter) // The formula can be developed : exposure = 1/(exp(ln(2).shutter)) $data = exp($data * log(2)); if ($data > 1) $data = floor($data); //Drop the decimal. if ($data > 0) { $data = 1/$data; //Final calculation. We now have a floating number. Transform it in a pretty number $n=0;$d=0; ConvertToFraction($data, $n, $d); if ($n>=1 && $d==1) $data = $n." sec"; //To avoid exposure times style 3/1 sec. else $data = $n."/".$d." sec"; } else { $data = "Bulb"; } } } else if($type=="USHORT" || $type=="SSHORT" || $type=="ULONG" || $type=="SLONG" || $type=="FLOAT" || $type=="DOUBLE") { $data = bin2hex($data); if($intel==1) $data = intel2Moto($data); if($intel==0 && ($type=="USHORT" || $type=="SSHORT")) $data = substr($data,0,4); $data=hexdec($data); if($type=="SSHORT" && $data>32767) $data = $data - 65536; //this makes the number signed instead of unsigned if($type=="SLONG" && $data>2147483647) $data = $data - 4294967296; //this makes the number signed instead of unsigned if($tag=="0112") { //Orientation if($data==1) $data = "Normal (O deg)"; if($data==2) $data = "Mirrored"; if($data==3) $data = "Upsidedown"; if($data==4) $data = "Upsidedown Mirrored"; if($data==5) $data = "90 deg CW Mirrored"; if($data==6) $data = "90 deg CCW"; if($data==7) $data = "90 deg CCW Mirrored"; if($data==8) $data = "90 deg CW"; } else if($tag=="0128" || $tag=="a210" || $tag=="0128") { //ResolutionUnit and FocalPlaneResolutionUnit and ThumbnailResolutionUnit if($data==1) $data = "No Unit"; if($data==2) $data = "Inch"; if($data==3) $data = "Centimeter"; } else if($tag=="0213") { //YCbCrPositioning if($data==1) $data = "Center of Pixel Array"; if($data==2) $data = "Datum Point"; } else if($tag=="8822") { //ExposureProgram if($data==1) $data = "Manual"; else if($data==2) $data = "Program"; else if($data==3) $data = "Aperature Priority"; else if($data==4) $data = "Shutter Priority"; else if($data==5) $data = "Program Creative"; else if($data==6) $data = "Program Action"; else if($data==7) $data = "Portrat"; else if($data==8) $data = "Landscape"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } else if($tag=="9207") { //MeteringMode if($data==0) $data = "Unknown"; else if($data==1) $data = "Average"; else if($data==2) $data = "Center Weighted Average"; else if($data==3) $data = "Spot"; else if($data==4) $data = "Multi-Spot"; else if($data==5) $data = "Multi-Segment"; else if($data==6) $data = "Partial"; else if($data==255) $data = "Other"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } else if($tag=="9208") { //LightSource if($data==0) $data = "Unknown or Auto"; else if($data==1) $data = "Daylight"; else if($data==2) $data = "Flourescent"; else if($data==3) $data = "Tungsten"; else if($data==10) $data = "Flash"; else if($data==17) $data = "Standard Light A"; else if($data==18) $data = "Standard Light B"; else if($data==19) $data = "Standard Light C"; else if($data==20) $data = "D55"; else if($data==21) $data = "D65"; else if($data==22) $data = "D75"; else if($data==255) $data = "Other"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } else if($tag=="9209") { //Flash if($data==0) $data = "No Flash"; else if($data==1) $data = "Flash"; else if($data==5) $data = "Flash, strobe return light not detected"; else if($data==7) $data = "Flash, strob return light detected"; else if($data==9) $data = "Compulsory Flash"; else if($data==13) $data = "Compulsory Flash, Return light not detected"; else if($data==15) $data = "Compulsory Flash, Return light detected"; else if($data==16) $data = "No Flash"; else if($data==24) $data = "No Flash"; else if($data==25) $data = "Flash, Auto-Mode"; else if($data==29) $data = "Flash, Auto-Mode, Return light not detected"; else if($data==31) $data = "Flash, Auto-Mode, Return light detected"; else if($data==32) $data = "No Flash"; else if($data==65) $data = "Red Eye"; else if($data==69) $data = "Red Eye, Return light not detected"; else if($data==71) $data = "Red Eye, Return light detected"; else if($data==73) $data = "Red Eye, Compulsory Flash"; else if($data==77) $data = "Red Eye, Compulsory Flash, Return light not detected"; else if($data==79) $data = "Red Eye, Compulsory Flash, Return light detected"; else if($data==89) $data = "Red Eye, Auto-Mode"; else if($data==93) $data = "Red Eye, Auto-Mode, Return light not detected"; else if($data==95) $data = "Red Eye, Auto-Mode, Return light detected"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } else if($tag=="a001") { //ColorSpace if($data==1) $data = "sRGB"; else $data = "Uncalibrated"; } else if($tag=="a002" || $tag=="a003") { //ExifImageWidth/Height $data = $data. " pixels"; } else if($tag=="0103") { //Compression if($data==1) $data = "No Compression"; else if($data==6) $data = "Jpeg Compression"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } else if($tag=="a217") { //SensingMethod if($data==1) $data = "Not defined"; if($data==2) $data = "One Chip Color Area Sensor"; if($data==3) $data = "Two Chip Color Area Sensor"; if($data==4) $data = "Three Chip Color Area Sensor"; if($data==5) $data = "Color Sequential Area Sensor"; if($data==7) $data = "Trilinear Sensor"; if($data==8) $data = "Color Sequential Linear Sensor"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } else if($tag=="0106") { //PhotometricInterpretation if($data==1) $data = "Monochrome"; else if($data==2) $data = "RGB"; else if($data==6) $data = "YCbCr"; else $data = "Unknown: ".$data; } } else if($type=="UNDEFINED") { if($tag=="9000" || $tag=="a000" || $tag=="0002") { //ExifVersion,FlashPixVersion,InteroperabilityVersion $data="version ".$data/100; } if($tag=="a300") { //FileSource $data = bin2hex($data); $data = str_replace("00","",$data); $data = str_replace("03","Digital Still Camera",$data); } if($tag=="a301") { //SceneType $data = bin2hex($data); $data = str_replace("00","",$data); $data = str_replace("01","Directly Photographed",$data); } if($tag=="9101") { //ComponentsConfiguration $data = bin2hex($data); $data = str_replace("01","Y",$data); $data = str_replace("02","Cb",$data); $data = str_replace("03","Cr",$data); $data = str_replace("04","R",$data); $data = str_replace("05","G",$data); $data = str_replace("06","B",$data); $data = str_replace("00","",$data); } } else { $data = bin2hex($data); if($intel==1) $data = intel2Moto($data); } return $data; } //================================================================================================ //================================================================================================ // Reads one standard IFD entry //================================================================================================ //================================================================================================ function read_entry(&$result,$in,$seek,$intel,$ifd_name,$globalOffset) { if(feof($in)) { //test to make sure we can still read. $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; return; } //2 byte tag $tag = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($intel==1) $tag = intel2Moto($tag); $tag_name = lookup_tag($tag); //2 byte datatype $type = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($intel==1) $type = intel2Moto($type); lookup_type($type,$size); //4 byte number of elements $count = bin2hex(fread( $in, 4 )); if($intel==1) $count = intel2Moto($count); $bytesofdata = $size*hexdec($count); //4 byte value or pointer to value if larger than 4 bytes $value = fread( $in, 4 ); if($bytesofdata<=4) { //if datatype is 4 bytes or less, its the value $data = $value; } else if($bytesofdata<100000) { //otherwise its a pointer to the value, so lets go get it $value = bin2hex($value); if($intel==1) $value = intel2Moto($value); $v = fseek($seek,$globalOffset+hexdec($value)); //offsets are from TIFF header which is 12 bytes from the start of the file if($v==0) { $data = fread($seek, $bytesofdata); } else if($v==-1) { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; } } else { //bytesofdata was too big, so the exif had an error $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; return; } if($tag_name=="MakerNote") { //if its a maker tag, we need to parse this specially $make = $result['IFD0']['Make']; if($result['VerboseOutput']==1) { $result[$ifd_name]['MakerNote']['RawData'] = $data; } if(eregi("NIKON",$make)) { require_once('makers/nikon.php'); parseNikon($data,$result); $result[$ifd_name]['KnownMaker'] = 1; } else if(eregi("OLYMPUS",$make)) { require_once('makers/olympus.php'); parseOlympus($data,$result,$seek,$globalOffset); $result[$ifd_name]['KnownMaker'] = 1; } else if(eregi("Canon",$make)) { require_once('makers/canon.php'); parseCanon($data,$result,$seek,$globalOffset); $result[$ifd_name]['KnownMaker'] = 1; } else if(eregi("FUJIFILM",$make)) { require_once('makers/fujifilm.php'); parseFujifilm($data,$result); $result[$ifd_name]['KnownMaker'] = 1; } else if(eregi("SANYO",$make)) { require_once('makers/sanyo.php'); parseSanyo($data,$result,$seek,$globalOffset); $result[$ifd_name]['KnownMaker'] = 1; } else { $result[$ifd_name]['KnownMaker'] = 0; } } else if($tag_name=="GPSInfoOffset") { require_once('makers/gps.php'); $formated_data = formatData($type,$tag,$intel,$data); $result[$ifd_name]['GPSInfo'] = $formated_data; parseGPS($data,$result,$formated_data,$seek,$globalOffset); } else { //Format the data depending on the type and tag $formated_data = formatData($type,$tag,$intel,$data); $result[$ifd_name][$tag_name] = $formated_data; if($result['VerboseOutput']==1) { if($type=="URATIONAL" || $type=="SRATIONAL" || $type=="USHORT" || $type=="SSHORT" || $type=="ULONG" || $type=="SLONG" || $type=="FLOAT" || $type=="DOUBLE") { $data = bin2hex($data); if($intel==1) $data = intel2Moto($data); } $result[$ifd_name][$tag_name."_Verbose"]['RawData'] = $data; $result[$ifd_name][$tag_name."_Verbose"]['Type'] = $type; $result[$ifd_name][$tag_name."_Verbose"]['Bytes'] = $bytesofdata; } } } //================================================================================================ //================================================================================================ // Pass in a file and this reads the EXIF data // // Usefull resources // http://www.ba.wakwak.com/~tsuruzoh/Computer/Digicams/exif-e.html // http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif.txt // http://exif.org/ // http://www.ozhiker.com/electronics/pjmt/library/list_contents.php4 // http://www.ozhiker.com/electronics/pjmt/jpeg_info/makernotes.html // http://pel.sourceforge.net/ // http://us2.php.net/manual/en/function.exif-read-data.php //================================================================================================ //================================================================================================ function read_exif_data_raw($path,$verbose) { if($path=='' || $path=='none') return; $in = @fopen($path, "rb"); //the b is for windows machines to open in binary mode $seek = @fopen($path, "rb"); //There may be an elegant way to do this with one file handle. $globalOffset = 0; if(!isset($verbose)) $verbose=0; $result['VerboseOutput'] = $verbose; $result['Errors'] = 0; if(!$in || !$seek) { //if the path was invalid, this error will catch it $result['Errors'] = 1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "The file could not be found."; return $result; } //First 2 bytes of JPEG are 0xFFD8 $data = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($data=="ffd8") { $result['ValidJpeg'] = 1; } else { $result['ValidJpeg'] = 0; fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } $result['ValidIPTCData'] = 0; $result['ValidJFIFData'] = 0; $result['ValidEXIFData'] = 0; $result['ValidAPP2Data'] = 0; $result['ValidCOMData'] = 0; //Next 2 bytes are MARKER tag (0xFFE#) $data = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); $size = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); //LOOP THROUGH MARKERS TILL YOU GET TO FFE1 (exif marker) while(!feof($in) && $data!="ffe1" && $data!="ffc0" && $data!="ffd9") { if($data=="ffe0") { //JFIF Marker $result['ValidJFIFData'] = 1; $result['JFIF']['Size'] = hexdec($size); if(hexdec($size)-2 > 0) { $data = fread( $in, hexdec($size)-2); $result['JFIF']['Data'] = $data; } $result['JFIF']['Identifier'] = substr($data,0,5);; $result['JFIF']['ExtensionCode'] = bin2hex(substr($data,6,1)); $globalOffset+=hexdec($size)+2; } else if($data=="ffed") { //IPTC Marker $result['ValidIPTCData'] = 1; $result['IPTC']['Size'] = hexdec($size); if(hexdec($size)-2 > 0) { $data = fread( $in, hexdec($size)-2); $result['IPTC']['Data'] = $data ; } $globalOffset+=hexdec($size)+2; } else if($data=="ffe2") { //EXIF extension Marker $result['ValidAPP2Data'] = 1; $result['APP2']['Size'] = hexdec($size); if(hexdec($size)-2 > 0) { $data = fread( $in, hexdec($size)-2); $result['APP2']['Data'] = $data ; } $globalOffset+=hexdec($size)+2; } else if($data=="fffe") { //COM extension Marker $result['ValidCOMData'] = 1; $result['COM']['Size'] = hexdec($size); if(hexdec($size)-2 > 0) { $data = fread( $in, hexdec($size)-2); $result['COM']['Data'] = $data ; } $globalOffset+=hexdec($size)+2; } else if($data=="ffe1") { $result['ValidEXIFData'] = 1; } $data = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); $size = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); } //END MARKER LOOP if($data=="ffe1") { $result['ValidEXIFData'] = 1; } else { fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } //Size of APP1 $result['APP1Size'] = hexdec($size); //Start of APP1 block starts with "Exif" header (6 bytes) $header = fread( $in, 6 ); //Then theres a TIFF header with 2 bytes of endieness (II or MM) $header = fread( $in, 2 ); if($header==="II") { $intel=1; $result['Endien'] = "Intel"; } else if($header==="MM") { $intel=0; $result['Endien'] = "Motorola"; } else { $intel=1; //not sure what the default should be, but this seems reasonable $result['Endien'] = "Unknown"; } //2 bytes of 0x002a $tag = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); //Then 4 bytes of offset to IFD0 (usually 8 which includes all 8 bytes of TIFF header) $offset = bin2hex(fread( $in, 4 )); if($intel==1) $offset = intel2Moto($offset); // Check for extremely large values here if(hexdec($offset) > 100000) { $result['ValidEXIFData'] = 0; fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } if(hexdec($offset)>8) $unknown = fread( $in, hexdec($offset)-8); //fixed this bug in 1.3 //add 12 to the offset to account for TIFF header $globalOffset+=12; //===========================================================Start of IFD0 $num = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($intel==1) $num = intel2Moto($num); $num = hexdec($num); $result['IFD0NumTags'] = $num; if($num<1000) { //1000 entries is too much and is probably an error. for($i=0;$i<$num;$i++) { read_entry($result,$in,$seek,$intel,"IFD0",$globalOffset); } } else { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Illegal size for IFD0"; } //store offset to IFD1 $offset = bin2hex(fread( $in, 4 )); if($intel==1) $offset = intel2Moto($offset); $result['IFD1Offset'] = hexdec($offset); //Check for SubIFD if(!isset($result['IFD0']['ExifOffset']) || $result['IFD0']['ExifOffset']==0) { fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } //seek to SubIFD (Value of ExifOffset tag) above. $ExitOffset = $result['IFD0']['ExifOffset']; $v = fseek($in,$globalOffset+$ExitOffset); if($v==-1) { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Couldnt Find SubIFD"; } //===========================================================Start of SubIFD $num = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($intel==1) $num = intel2Moto($num); $num = hexdec($num); $result['SubIFDNumTags'] = $num; if($num<1000) { //1000 entries is too much and is probably an error. for($i=0;$i<$num;$i++) { read_entry($result,$in,$seek,$intel,"SubIFD",$globalOffset); } } else { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Illegal size for SubIFD"; } //Check for IFD1 if(!isset($result['IFD1Offset']) || $result['IFD1Offset']==0) { fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } //seek to IFD1 $v = fseek($in,$globalOffset+$result['IFD1Offset']); if($v==-1) { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Couldnt Find IFD1"; } //===========================================================Start of IFD1 $num = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($intel==1) $num = intel2Moto($num); $num = hexdec($num); $result['IFD1NumTags'] = $num; if($num<1000) { //1000 entries is too much and is probably an error. for($i=0;$i<$num;$i++) { read_entry($result,$in,$seek,$intel,"IFD1",$globalOffset); } } else { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Illegal size for IFD1"; } //if verbose output is on, stick in the thumbnail raw data if($result['VerboseOutput']==1 && $result['IFD1']['JpegIFOffset']>0 && $result['IFD1']['JpegIFByteCount']>0) { $v = fseek($seek,$globalOffset+$result['IFD1']['JpegIFOffset']); if($v==0) { $data = fread($seek, $result['IFD1']['JpegIFByteCount']); } else if($v==-1) { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; } $result['IFD1']["ThumbnailData"] = $data; } //Check for Interoperability IFD if(!isset($result['SubIFD']['ExifInteroperabilityOffset']) || $result['SubIFD']['ExifInteroperabilityOffset']==0) { fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } //seek to InteroperabilityIFD $v = fseek($in,$globalOffset+$result['SubIFD']['ExifInteroperabilityOffset']); if($v==-1) { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Couldnt Find InteroperabilityIFD"; } //===========================================================Start of InteroperabilityIFD $num = bin2hex(fread( $in, 2 )); if($intel==1) $num = intel2Moto($num); $num = hexdec($num); $result['InteroperabilityIFDNumTags'] = $num; if($num<1000) { //1000 entries is too much and is probably an error. for($i=0;$i<$num;$i++) { read_entry($result,$in,$seek,$intel,"InteroperabilityIFD",$globalOffset); } } else { $result['Errors'] = $result['Errors']+1; $result['Error'][$result['Errors']] = "Illegal size for InteroperabilityIFD"; } fclose($in); fclose($seek); return $result; } //================================================================================================ //================================================================================================ // Converts a floating point number into a fraction. Many thanks to Matthieu Froment for this code //================================================================================================ //================================================================================================ function ConvertToFraction($v, &$n, &$d) { $MaxTerms = 15; //Limit to prevent infinite loop $MinDivisor = 0.000001; //Limit to prevent divide by zero $MaxError = 0.00000001; //How close is enough $f = $v; //Initialize fraction being converted $n_un = 1; //Initialize fractions with 1/0, 0/1 $d_un = 0; $n_deux = 0; $d_deux = 1; for ($i = 0;$i<$MaxTerms;$i++) { $a = floor($f); //Get next term $f = $f - $a; //Get new divisor $n = $n_un * $a + $n_deux; //Calculate new fraction $d = $d_un * $a + $d_deux; $n_deux = $n_un; //Save last two fractions $d_deux = $d_un; $n_un = $n; $d_un = $d; if ($f < $MinDivisor) //Quit if dividing by zero break; if (abs($v - $n / $d) < $MaxError) break; $f = 1 / $f; //Take reciprocal } } ?> TeÄaj digitalne fotografije | Jure Nastran

Jure Nastran

fotografije

Mar
15

TeÄaj digitalne fotografije

Objavljeno v kategoriji Foto

Pri Izobraževalnem centru Freising vodim TEÄŒAJ DIGITALNE FOTOGRAFIJE. TeÄaj je namenjen zaÄetnikom, ki bi radi osvojili osnovna znanja iz digitalnega fotografiranja. Prvi dve sreÄanji sta namenjeni teoriji: zgradba fotoaparata, kaj je zaslonka, zakaj je pomembna, zakaj so nekatere slike meglene, stresene, omenimo obÄutljivost tipala in kdaj ter zakaj jo spreminjamo, nastavitev beline (WB), spoznavamo veÄ naÄinov merjenja svetlobe, ugotavljamo zakaj uporabljamo korekcijo osvetlitve, kaj nam pomeni globinska ostrina, dotaknemo pa se tudi kompozicije in ostale dodatne opreme, ki nam pomaga pri fotografiranju (fleÅ¡, stojalo, filtri, žiÄni sprožilec,…). Naslednji dve sreÄanji sta namenjeni fotografiranju na terenu. V okolici starodavnega mesta Å kofje Loke je veliko zanimivih motivov. Spoznavamo zakonitosti v makro fotografiji, portretni fotografiji, fotografiramo pokrajino in se uÄimo pravilne kompozicije. UÄimo se tudi noÄnega fotografiranja. Zadnji dan druženja pregledujemo naÅ¡a dela, se o njih pogovarjamo in ugotavljamo, zakaj so nekatere fotografije bolj uspele kot druge. Sestavimo ožji izbor fotografij, ki jih pokažemo v javnosti. TeÄajniki prinesejo s seboj tudi fotografije v oceno in komentar. ÄŒe Äas dopuÅ¡Äa, pripravim tudi projekcijo svojih fotografij. TeÄaj obsega 24 Å¡olskih ur. TeÄajniki prejmejo gradivo in potrdilo o opravljenem teÄaju.  Lahko si prenesete gradivo v PDF formatu, namenjeno je le za osebno uporabo.

TeÄajniki na terenu.

Fotke teÄajnikov:

Komentarji

  1. Nataša pravi

    Pozdravljeni,

    zanima me, ali v teÄaju obdelate tudi osnovne korake v fotoÅ¡opu, da se nauÄimo naÅ¡e fotografije popraviti, pripraviti za izpis na papirju ali pa za uporabo na internetu ?
    Pa Å¡e to, kdaj bo v kratkem zopet tak teÄaj?

    LP,
    Nataša

  2. Mateja pravi

    Pozdravljeni,
    kdaj bo naslednji teÄaj?
    Lp,
    Mateja


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